The objective is to enable the students to gain in-depth
knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of toxicities through
studying real cases. Students will learn how the toxicities
happen and how to analyze toxicities from the molecular aspect.

1. Xenobiotic metabolic activation and deactivation: Cytochrome 
P450s, Glutathione transferases, Superoxide dismutases, 
Sulfotransferase; Oxidation, Epoxidation, Hydrolysis; 
Transcriptional gene regulation.
2. Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis: Mutagens, carcinogens; 
Genomic instability, DNA damage, DNA repair, Cell cycle 
checkpoints, Apoptosis; Oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes.
3.  Receptor-mediated toxicity: Nuclear receptors - Aryl 
hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), Estrogen receptors (ERs), Androgen 
receptor (AR), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a and 
y (PPARa and PPARy); Transmembrane receptors - G protein-
coupled receptors (GPCRs, such as Muscarinic acetylcholine 
receptor (mAChR), Adrenergic receptors, y-aminobutyric receptor 
B (GABAB), Monoamine receptors), ligand-gated ion channels 
(such as Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), GABAA, 
GABAC).