Course Description
Metabolic and cardiovascular-respiratory responses to exercise and adaptations to training, with emphasis on applications to human physical performance and fitness.
Athena Title
Metab Aspects of Exercise
Prerequisite
Permission of school
Semester Course Offered
Not offered on a regular basis.
Grading System
A - F (Traditional)
Student learning Outcomes
- Students will understand how to identify important historical developments and pioneers that contributed to the emergence of the body of knowledge related to metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to exercise.
- Students will understand how to describe the biochemical processes within the muscle cell through which energy for muscle contraction is supplied, including the mechanisms that control these processes.
- Students will understand how to discuss the factors that affect the substrates used for energy metabolism during exercise, such as exercise intensity, duration, state of training, and diet, including the hormonal and other mechanisms through which these effects are mediated.
- Students will understand how to use a diagram of the typical responses of muscle ATP, creatine phosphate and lactate, and whole-body oxygen uptake during the first five minutes of strenuous, constant-rate submaximal exercise to discuss changes in the relative importance of the energy supply mechanisms at the onset of exercise.
- Students will understand how to describe the effects of exercise intensity, duration and mode on aerobic and anaerobic metabolic responses to exercise.
- Students will understand how to define oxygen deficit, oxygen debt, lactate threshold, and anaerobic capacity. What physiological processes are responsible for these phenomena and what is their importance?
- Students will understand how to distinguish between direct and indirect calorimetry. Describe how the energy cost of activities can be determined using indirect calorimetry. Discuss the measures of energy expenditure that can be used to classify the absolute and relative exercise intensity.
- Students will understand how to define the mechanical efficiency. Describe the different approaches used in its calculation. How does it differ from movement economy?
- Students will understand how to define maximal oxygen uptake and discuss issues related to its measurement, including criteria for attainment, the relative values obtained with various exercise modes and protocol, and the interpretation of values expressed in 1/min, relative to body weight and relative to fat-free weight.
- Students will understand how to discuss the possible "limiting factors" for maximal oxygen uptake, presenting evidence in support of both central and peripheral limiting factors.
- Students will understand how to discuss the effects of body size, body composition, age, sex on maximal oxygen uptake.
- Students will understand how to discuss the effects of prolonged endurance and high-intensity interval training on aerobic and anaerobic responses to submaximal and maximal exercise.
- Students will understand how to discuss the importance of intensity, duration, frequency and mode of training for developing V O2max and work capacity in adults.
- Students will understand how to identify peripheral metabolic causes of muscular fatigue and discuss the conditions under which each is likely to be operative.
- Students will understand how to list the principal metabolic determinants of individual differences in performance in activities such as running, swimming and cycling and discuss why it is important.
- Students will understand how to contrast the contractile, metabolic, and performance characteristics of slow-twitch and fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber types; describe their recruitment of the slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers in various types of exercise and explain how it is related to the size principle; and discuss the relation between skeletal muscle fiber-type composition, metabolic responses to exercise and physical performance capabilities.
- Students will understand how to discuss the effect of endurance and heavy-resistance training on skeletal muscle and discuss the physiological and performance consequences of these adaptations.
- Students will understand how to describe the changes in ventilation and other gas exchange measures in relation to exercise intensity, including the mechanisms that underlie these responses, and indicate how these responses are altered by endurance training.
- Students will understand how to discuss the evidence suggesting ventilation is not the limiting factor for maximal oxygen uptake in sedentary, healthy individuals, but may be for elite athletes.
- Students will understand how to describe changes in the partial pressures for oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli, arterial blood, skeletal muscle, and venous blood change during exercise as intensity is progressively increased.
- Students will understand how to discuss the relationship between hemoglobin concentration and the oxygen transport capacity of the blood.
- Students will understand how to discuss the factors that affect the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve during exercise.
- Students will understand how to diagram the relations of CaO2, CvO2, and (a-v)O2 difference to exercise intensity in a typical man and woman. Indicate typical effect of training on these measures during submaximal and maximal exercise.
- Students will understand how to describe "blood doping," and discuss research that has investigated the effect of manipulation of hemoglobin concentration and/or blood volume on maximal oxygen uptake and endurance performance.
- Students will understand how to diagram the relations of cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total peripheral resistance to oxygen uptake during submaximal and maximal exercise in a sedentary individual and trained athlete.
- Students will understand how to describe redistribution of blood flow during exercise and the mechanisms responsible.
- Students will understand how to use the Fick principle and Ohm's law, discuss the mechanisms through which the supply of oxygen to the working muscles is increased during exercise.
28. Discuss the mechanisms through the central and peripheral circulatory responses to exercise are controlled.
- Students will understand how to contrast the circulatory response to exercise of progressively increasing intensity in men and women and discuss the more fundamental biological differences that are responsible for gender differences.
- Students will understand how to contrast the circulatory responses to dynamic and sustained static exercise and discuss the mechanisms underlying the differences.
- Students will understand how to discuss the evidence indicating that circulatory adaptations to training result from both central adaptations in the heart and local adaptations in the trained muscles and the implications of the specific nature of the circulatory adaptations to training for the conditioning of athletes and coronary heart disease patients.
Topical Outline
- I. Course introduction and history
- II. Metabolic responses and adaptations to exercise
- A. Energy transformation during muscle contraction, aerobic and anaerobic energy-supply processes
- B. Substrate utilization; effect of diet manipulation on substrate stores and utilization, and performance; hormonal control
- C. Aerobic responses and adaptations to submaximal exercise, maximal oxygen uptake
- D. Anaerobic responses and adaptations to exercise, anaerobic threshold, anaerobic capacity
- E. Skeletal muscle fiber type characteristics, relation to metabolism and physical performance
- F. Skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance and heavy-resistance training
- G. Metabolic bases of muscular fatigue and performance
- III. Ventilation, gas exchange and gas transport
- A. Ventilatory responses and adaptations to exercise, control of ventilation during exercise
- B. Gas exchange during exercise; exercise induced hypoxemia
- C. Respiratory gas transport during exercise; effect of exercise and training on blood gases and a-v)O2 difference; blood doping
- IV. Circulatory responses and adaptations to exercise
- A. Central circulatory and hemodynamic responses and adaptations to exercise
- B. Redistribution of blood flow during exercise
- C. Circulatory control during exercise
- D. Central and peripheral circulatory adaptations to training
